India is facing a significant public health challenge, being labeled the 'Diabetes Capital of the World' with 17% of the global diabetic population. Health experts warn that the country could see 125 million diabetics by 2045, which highlights the urgent need for diabetes management and awareness. One of the serious complications associated with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision impairment among individuals aged 25-74. Diabetic retinopathy results from damage to the tiny blood vessels of the retina due to prolonged high blood sugar levels, causing leakage, swelling, and bleeding. As the condition progresses, it severely affects the retina's ability to process light and transmit images, leading to significant vision problems. Without prompt treatment, diabetic retinopathy can lead to irreversible blindness.
By 2030, it is projected that nearly 191 million individuals worldwide will experience signs of diabetic retinopathy, with approximately 56 million at risk of vision loss due to its complications. Statistics show that about 13% of patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for under five years develop DR, while this figure rises to 90% for those who have had diabetes for 10-15 years. The situation is similar for type 2 diabetes, where nearly 40% of patients develop DR within five years, escalating to 84% after 15-19 years.
The early detection of diabetic retinopathy is crucial as the disease often develops without noticeable symptoms until it reaches an advanced stage. Therefore, regular eye examinations for diabetic patients are essential. Recommendations state that individuals with type 1 diabetes should undergo their first comprehensive eye exam five years post-diagnosis, while those with type 2 diabetes should have an examination as soon as they are diagnosed. Annual follow-ups are advised for both types of diabetes to ensure any changes are caught early.
Symptoms to watch for include floaters, blurred vision, fluctuating vision, dark areas in sight, or even vision loss. To manage diabetic retinopathy effectively, individuals should focus on reducing risk factors by controlling blood sugar levels, monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol, quitting smoking, and maintaining an exercise regimen. Treatment options available include intravitreal injections, laser photocoagulation, and, in certain cases, surgery.
Dr. Padmaja Rani, a Vitreo Retinal specialist at the L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, emphasizes the importance of regular eye exams for individuals with diabetes, proposing that the often-silent progression of diabetic retinopathy necessitates proactive monitoring of retinal health. Founded in 1987, the L.V. Prasad Eye Institute aims to provide equitable eye care and has offered millions of services, with the majority provided free of charge. This model underlines the institution's commitment to preventing blindness and promoting public eye health in India.